{"id":3506,"date":"2022-05-31T16:32:43","date_gmt":"2022-05-31T16:32:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/?p=3506"},"modified":"2025-11-19T11:33:20","modified_gmt":"2025-11-19T11:33:20","slug":"coffee-leaf-miner","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/coffee-leaf-miner\/","title":{"rendered":"Coffee leaf miner infection located by multispectral imaging"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3506\" class=\"elementor elementor-3506\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f0b097 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7f0b097\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" 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data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c8e2b7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8c8e2b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5934108 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5934108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coffee leaf miner infection located by multispectral imaging<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3f3bb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3f3bb6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-07f34a7\" data-id=\"07f34a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-baaaf4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"baaaf4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-481056d\" data-id=\"481056d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83b3e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"83b3e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/espresso.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"espresso coffee\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab934de elementor-drop-cap-yes elementor-drop-cap-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab934de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;drop_cap&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T<em>here&#8217;s an awful lot of coffee in Brazil!<\/em> according to the old song recorded by Frank Sinatra. In 2021 almost 70 million 60kg bags of coffee were produced in Brazil, roughly one third of global production, making Brazil the largest coffee producer in the world. Yield varies from year to year depending mainly on the weather but also on disease risks.<\/p>\n<p>Coffee leaf miner infection is a major cause of poor cropping and ultimately plant death. These little critters are the larvae of a tiny moth that lays its eggs on the surface of coffee plant leaves. They munch their way into leaves leaving black holes filled with (ahem) poop, which create the impression of tiny mine shafts in the leaf.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers at the Federal University of Lavras in Brazil have demonstrated a new way to spot the effects of disease in coffee plants using a drone equipped with a multispectral imaging camera. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6c0c38b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6c0c38b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75f265d\" data-id=\"75f265d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c64f71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5c64f71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Coffee_plant.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"coffee plant\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Healthy coffee plant  (courtesy WikiMedia Commons)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e713c98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e713c98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f7f3af\" data-id=\"3f7f3af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b01e1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b01e1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>They flew the drone over a coffee plantation in the Minas Gerais region of Brazil. At a height of 3m it was possible to record images of individual coffee leaves on different <em>Coffea arabica<\/em> L. plants, images being taken with a multispectral camera. Four wavebands were used for the imaging: 530-570 nm\u00a0 (green); 640-680 nm (red); 730-740 nm (red edge); and 770-810 nm (near infrared). Similar images were recorded manually of the leaves of healthy coffee plants of the same species in a greenhouse for comparison.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ef767ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ef767ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7285365\" data-id=\"7285365\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97efe34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"97efe34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/drone-and-camera.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"drone and multispectral camera\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">(a) Quadcopter drone and (b) multispectral camera used in plantation (courtesy AgriEngineering Journal and University of Lavras)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bbb074f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bbb074f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0800259\" data-id=\"0800259\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c15975e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c15975e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Images from any single camera waveband are subject to variations in sunlight and shadowing therefore researchers have developed a large number of different so-called Vegetation Indexes (VIs) to allow comparison of measurements on different days and at different locations. The normal method is to use a ratio of a camera waveband that changes a lot against a waveband that does not typically change very much. Possibly the most popular vegetation index is NDVI, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index:<\/p><p>NDVI = (NearInfrared &#8211; Red) \/ (NearInfrared + Red)<\/p><p>Plants absorb red and blue light strongly, reflecting green and near infrared therefore they have relatively high NDVI values (0.8-1.0). Basically the higher the NDVI value for a plant leaf, the greener and healthier it is.\u00a0<\/p><p>The team at Lavras wanted to discover which VI was the most effective at distinguishing healthy coffee leaves from leaves infected by coffee leaf miner. They reasoned that because infected leaves are generally darker due to the poop tracks, healthy\u00a0 leaves should typically have higher VI values.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f16a942 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f16a942\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fd6f7d1\" data-id=\"fd6f7d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f69b664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f69b664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/vi-images.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"coffee plant vegetation index images\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Coffee plant vegetation index images: (A, C) Healthy in greenhouse; (B, D, E) infected in plantation (courtesy AgriEngineering Journal and University of Lavras)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2be0edf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2be0edf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56d873f\" data-id=\"56d873f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e9e5b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e9e5b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Comparison of the average difference in VI values and their distribution across many leaves showed that the GRNDVI index gave the best differentiation between healthy and diseased coffee leaves. Accounting for Green and Red variations between healthy and diseased leaves gave ratios of 0.32 and 0.06 for healthy and leaf miner infected leaves respectively. These values are lower than the NDVI values measured but give a much larger difference, allowing better differentiation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69fa8b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69fa8b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-862404a\" data-id=\"862404a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5027ada elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5027ada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Coffee farmers could benefit from quicker identification and location of leaf miner disease in their plantations if this research can be transferred to a commercial product. Coffee drinkers the world over could benefit from more sustainable farming and more stable pricing for their favourite brew.<br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8c0a7f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8c0a7f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea46fda\" data-id=\"ea46fda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeae542 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aeae542\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Read the full journal paper <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriengineering4010021\">here<\/a>.<\/p><p>Find out about Vegetation Indexes <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vegetation_index\">here<\/a>.<\/p><p>Find out more about coffee production in Brazil <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0219742\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>about contact news There&#8217;s an awful lot of coffee in Brazil! according to the old song recorded by Frank Sinatra. In 2021 almost 70 million 60kg bags of coffee were produced in Brazil, roughly one third of global production, making Brazil the largest coffee producer in the world. Yield varies from year to year depending [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10210,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[32,55,67],"class_list":["post-3506","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","tag-coffee-leaf-miner","tag-imaging","tag-multispectral"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3506","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3506"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3506\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10214,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3506\/revisions\/10214"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3506"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3506"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3506"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}