{"id":4910,"date":"2022-10-28T08:59:42","date_gmt":"2022-10-28T08:59:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/?p=4910"},"modified":"2026-02-18T09:26:42","modified_gmt":"2026-02-18T09:26:42","slug":"smartphone-spectral-leaf-imaging","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/smartphone-spectral-leaf-imaging\/","title":{"rendered":"Smartphone spectral leaf imaging"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4910\" class=\"elementor elementor-4910\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-702c85e e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"702c85e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" 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id=\"e-n-menu-title-7512\" class=\"e-n-menu-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-n-menu-title-container e-focus e-link\" href=\"http:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/contact-us\/\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-menu-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tcontact\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-019ab16 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"019ab16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c510de e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5c510de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b48b478 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b48b478\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Smartphone spectral leaf imaging<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-170a2c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"170a2c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e61afe7\" data-id=\"e61afe7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcbf7c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dcbf7c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/centenary-leaf-indices-images.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"malling centenary strawberry imaging\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Strawberry leaf images and Red Green Blue indices derived using OpenCV image analysis<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f67d64f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f67d64f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-21e8062\" data-id=\"21e8062\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bad77b3 elementor-drop-cap-yes elementor-drop-cap-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bad77b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;drop_cap&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All season we have been monitoring the health of our Strawberry Greenhouse crop. In addition to visual inspection with a loupe, digital leaf imaging has been a useful way to follow the development of the plants. Now that autumn has arrived, the leaves are showing the usual spectacular colour changes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2036f09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2036f09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2492861\" data-id=\"2492861\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df21605 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df21605\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chlorophyll green quickly gives way to yellowing and eventual reddening of the leaves. The yellow colour pigments are usually present in the leaves but as chlorophyll production is much less stimulated by sunshine, the yellow pigments can be seen. Red pigments are increasingly produced in leaves as the sugar concentration in the leaves increases. Leaf yellows are due to carotenoid pigments and leaf red colours are due to anthocyanin pigments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b238f04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b238f04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-378c52a\" data-id=\"378c52a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59feafb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59feafb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chlorophyll molecules absorb both red and blue light, leaving green visible light to be reflected by plant leaves, making them appear green. Carotenoid molecules\u00a0 on the other hand absorb light in the blue end of the spectrum making leaves reflect and scatter yellow, green and red light. Anthocyanin molecules absorb blue and green light, making leaves reflect and scatter deeper red light.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd0d05b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fd0d05b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5917609\" data-id=\"5917609\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30279b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"30279b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/leaf-pigments-spectra.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"leaf pigments spectra\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Absorption spectra of chlorophyll a (blue), chlorophyll b (green), carotinoid type (orange), anthocyanin type (red) (Courtesy SPIE journals Creative Commons and Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-405520e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"405520e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec137b2\" data-id=\"ec137b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3fe31a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3fe31a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spectrometers and hyperspectral imaging devices can measure the colours of light reflected by leaves with high precision (1 nm or better). As the figure above from researchers at the Universidad de Guadalajara in Mexico shows, the light absorbed by plant pigments is absorbed in wavelength bands much wider than 1nm. Modern smartphones typically have cameras with many megapixels, giving images of astonishing resolution. The detector chips also have RGB elements capable of measuring red, green and blue light. The different red, green and blue pixels do not have high spectral resolution, their sensitivity curves are rather broad. However the red, green and blue sensitivity curves \u00a0 are quite comparable to the widths of the absorption curves of the three main leaf pigments. The figure below shows typical spectral sensitivity curves for an Android phone.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b6ae611 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b6ae611\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6febece\" data-id=\"6febece\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f01d76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8f01d76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/smartphone-camera-sensitivities.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"smartphone camera sensitivities\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Smartphone camera RGB sensitivities (Courtesy of Optical Society of America Open Access agreement)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fed6dbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fed6dbc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2d453\" data-id=\"2f2d453\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e97a03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e97a03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Red camera pixels preferentially detect light attenuated by chlorophyll and green pixels preferentially detect light attenuated by anthocyanins. Blue pixels are not so discriminating, they detect light attenuated by chlorophyll, carotenoids and to a lesser extent anthocyanins.<\/p><p>It should therefore be possible to construct an index or set of indices which relates at least qualitatively to the amounts of leaf pigments in strawberry plant leaves. However this is not straightforward, the red channel is the only colour which measures the influence of just one pigment, chlorophyll. Red channel values cannot be simply used directly because lighting intensity varies during the course of a day and the sky and sun colours also change subtly. Changes in illumination (colours and intensity) can be normalised to some extent using a reference background for leaf imaging. A uniform black coloured background provides a useful contrast to the leaves themselves as well as a reference for red, green and blue intensities measured by the smartphone camera.<\/p><p>The figure at the top of this blog shows a spreadsheet with three normalised colour ratios:<\/p><p>R\/(R+G+B); G\/(R+G+B); B\/(R+G+B)<\/p><p>Each index has a good relation to the redness\/greenness\/blueness of strawberry leaves growing in our Strawberry Greenhouse.<\/p><p>A short Python script was written to mask just the leaf pixels and sum the intensities of the red, green and blue pixel values for each leaf. Red, green and blue ratios were then calculated to give numbers independent of illumination intensity. One of the great things about using Python is the ease of programming and the large number of Python library modules freely available. Image analysis was carried out on JPG files using the OpenCV open source computer vision library.<\/p><p>Further work is ongoing to develop image models that reflect the presence of chlorophyll, carotene and anthocyanin pigments more specifically. Ultimately it may be possible to relate changes in pigmentation not only to senescence but also to nutrient levels and disease susceptibility.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-854f6cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"854f6cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-908b590\" data-id=\"908b590\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ea54d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ea54d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leaf spectroscopy research from the Universidad de Guadalajara in Mexico has been reported <a href=\"https:\/\/spie.org\/Publications\/Proceedings\/Paper\/10.1117\/12.2321710?SSO=1\">here<\/a>.<\/p><p>OpenCV project library and documentation can be found <a href=\"https:\/\/opencv.org\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p><p>Read more about our Strawberry Greenhouse project <a href=\"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/strawberry-greenhouse\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>about contact Strawberry leaf images and Red Green Blue indices derived using OpenCV image analysis All season we have been monitoring the health of our Strawberry Greenhouse crop. In addition to visual inspection with a loupe, digital leaf imaging has been a useful way to follow the development of the plants. Now that autumn has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10173,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[59,88,89],"class_list":["post-4910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","tag-leaf-imaging","tag-smartphone","tag-strawberry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4910","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4910"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4910\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10499,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4910\/revisions\/10499"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10173"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4910"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4910"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corbeauinnovation.com\/staging\/3392\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}